1) My ideology is simple.
Government should be efficient in how it manages our money. It should spend money in a fashion that maximizes the ROI for those things I consider important to our ability to remain the premier nation in the world. Government has a responsibility to make sure those things that allow it's citizens to most effectively compete on the global stage are developing in the most effective and efficient way possible - this means education, health, military, food, shelter in no particular order.
I am socially liberal, "liberal" in the sense that government should stay out of society's way when it comes to shaping what is/isn't socially acceptable. The less regulation and interference in our private lives the better.
Fiscally, a balanced budget should always be our goal. Not always achievable but it should be an overarching principle for decision making.
2-3) I can't name anyone diametrically opposed to my position because I think elements of it are attractive across the entire population.
4) Read my posts. Seriously though, read everything across all ideological spectrums. Read history - personally, Rome is insightful but so is the era of democratic revolution in Europe and the Americas in the 19th Century. Books on African colonialism and Asian communist regimes. Read religious texts because morality is important, I'm very slowly working through the Bhagavad Gita. They aren't the only source of moral teachings but where they overlap is probably closest to some sense of a universal truth.
Seriously, read everything...even shitty posters.