TranscriptTim: Hi, this is Jenna and Tim, we’re back we’ve talked about, Probable Cause and Warrants, Probable Cause of course is a re
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Tim: How should agents enter the premises?
Jenna: Reasonably. Conducting a reasonable search includes making a reasonably entry and Title 18 of the US code section 3109 is what we refer to as the federal “Knock and Announce” statue. So the general rule for knock and announce is that before agents force enter into a resident to execute a warrant - either an arrest warrant or a search warrant - they have to “knock and announce” their identity, authority and purpose and demand entry from the people inside.
Tim: Now, what do you mean by force entry?
Jenna: It can be as simple as just moving something to come inside without permission of the premises owner. It can be as forceful as breaking down a door, but force also includes just opening an unlocked door without the owner’s permission.
Tim: You said residence. Does knock and announce only apply to a residence, meaning where people live?
Jenna: Most, but not all circuits say that knock and announce only applies to homes and not to commercial buildings or businesses. Since I said “most, but not all,” agents should check with their US Attorney’s Office to make sure of the law in their circuit.
Tim: Alright, now come again and tell me exactly how an agent complies with “knock and announce.”
Jenna: OK, it’s not terribly difficult. First, there’s the knock part, which can be as simple as just knocking on the door. All the agent really has to do is to announce their presence somehow. It could be by yelling out through a bullhorn or even making a telephone call to the people inside. Agent must simply make their presence known. So they knock, and say “POLICE! SEARCH WARRANT! OPEN THE DOOR!” They have identified themselves, announced their authority and purposed, and demanded entry. Then the agents have to wait until they are denied entry before they can use force to get inside.
Tim: Why have all these rules?
Jenna: Well, first that rule promotes officer safety. I mean officers might get shot if they just breaking into someone’s house without announcing themselves. A lot of people especially over here in southern Georgia - a lot of home owners are also gun owners. So they might take action against someone they think in engaged in housebreaking. Second it can prevent needless destruction of property. There really is no need for us to smash down someone’s door or take it off the hinges if the person inside is willing to just come to the door and open it. And, finally it helps preserve the dignity of the people in the residence. If someone is in there taking a nap in his boxer shorts, knocking and announcing and waiting a few moments gives that person inside a chance to put some clothes on before he comes to the door.
Tim: Ya, I guess it really makes a lot of sense to Knock and Announce. How long do agents have to wait after they knock?
Jenna: Well if all they hear from inside is silence after they “Knock and Announce,” then they are required to wait a reasonable period of time before they force entry. And that reasonable period of silence will be construed as a denial of entry.
Facts to consider and decide how long to wait - how long is reasonable - would involve how long it would take the occupants to come answer the door or how long it would take for them to destroy evidence. So agents will have to take in account of what time of day it is. Is it noon or is it 3 o’clock in the morning? What’s the size of the residence? Are we talking about a single story, 3 bedroom, small house or a 16 bedroom mansion with three floors. And of course the type of evidence to be seized - are you looking for computers that are going to be pretty difficult to destroy or conceal or are you looking for drugs which can be flushed down the toilet or other wise destroyed pretty quickly. All of those things are going to come in to play in deciding a reasonable period of time to wait before forcing entry.